Have you heard of serotonin? Many people have heard of this chemical due to its ability to promote feelings of happiness and wellbeing.  What is less known, is that serotonin also plays important roles within our digestive tract, pancreas, liver and bones^1,2. Serotonin is mostly produced in your gut – where so many of our beneficial substances are formed!

Most of our serotonin (approx. 90%) is produced in the gut by special cells, called enterochromaffin (EC) cells, found within the lining of the intestinal wall^3,4. Interestingly, serotonin cannot cross from the body to the brain and therefore our brains produce their own serotonin (approx. 5%)⁵.  Serotonin produced in the brain acts as a type of chemical messenger called a neurotransmitter and helps regulate learning, behaviour, mood and appetite⁴.  Whereas serotonin in the body acts more like a hormone and regulates things like glucose and fat metabolism, gut inflammation, and gut motility^2,5.

Your gut bacteria and serotonin

Our gut bacteria – which live in a community inside our large intestine known as the gut microbiome – produce by-products that can stimulate the production of serotonin from the EC cells⁶.  These by-products include secondary bile acids² and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate^2,7.  Once released, serotonin helps regulate sensory, motor and secretory functions in the body through interacting with different serotonin receptors⁸.  Recently, an animal study found that gut bacteria not only influenced the level of serotonin production, but that serotonin production in the gut was protective against pathogenic species invading and causing illness⁹.

Your diet and serotonin

Did you know that you can encourage the production of beneficial substances such as serotonin through what you eat?  In general, eating a diet with adequate levels of prebiotic fibres (commonly found in plant foods) helps to support a health-promoting gut microbiome.  Prebiotic fibres support the growth of SCFA-producing bacterial species that can stimulate serotonin production. Importantly, serotonin production in the gut is reliant on the intake of specific nutrients that can be gained by eating a balanced diet.  Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is the building block for serotonin production in both the brain and gut¹⁰. Being an essential amino acid, tryptophan, cannot be made by our bodies and must be obtained through diet. Oats, bananas, milk, tuna, cheese, bread, poultry and peanuts are common foods that contain tryptophan.  Serotonin production from tryptophan also requires nutrients such as vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and vitamin B3 (niacin) and glutathione (an antioxidant predominantly produced by the body¹¹).

Serotonin summed up

Serotonin plays many roles in the human body and most of our production occurs in the gut.  Adequate prebiotic fibres help to support gut bacteria that produce SCFAs which can stimulate serotonin production.

The good news is that many common foods contain the nutrients required to support serotonin production. You can consume a wide variety of foods from across all five food groups to help support the body in producing adequate serotonin levels. Now that you know you can support serotonin production through food, learn more about the connection between food and mood. Check out what Nutritionist, Christine Stewart, has to say about the link between your gut bacteria and your mood as well as gain access to her one-day Mediterranean meal plan in this article.

About the Author

Leanne Mitchell

Leanne is an Accredited Practising Dietitian and works as one of the microbiome coaches at Microba. Leanne has a developing interest in the clinical application of the gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders, mental health and neuro-developmental conditions.